All Reference Articles (6)

Revised Atlanta classification requires ≥2 of 3 criteria: (1) acute epigastric pain radiating to the back, (2) serum lipase or amylase ≥3× upper limit of normal, (3) characteristic imaging findings on CECT/MRI/US. Leading causes: gallstones (40-50%) and alcohol (30%).

Avulsion fracture of the lateral aspect of the fibular head at the conjoined insertion of the biceps femoris tendon and fibular collateral ligament (FCL). Strongly associated with posterolateral corner (PLC), ACL, PCL, and common peroneal nerve injuries.

UK JBDS diagnostic triad: (1) Capillary blood ketones ≥3.0 mmol/L (or ketonuria ≥2+), (2) Blood glucose >11.0 mmol/L (or known diabetes), (3) Venous bicarbonate <15.0 mmol/L and/or venous pH <7.3. Cornerstones of management: IV 0.9% NaCl resuscitation, potassium replacement, and fixed-rate IV insulin infusion (0.1 units/kg/hr).

Stratify pre-test probability using the Wells score or Geneva score. Low/intermediate risk: age-adjusted D-dimer. High probability: immediate CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA). Haemodynamically unstable (massive PE with SBP <90 mmHg): bedside echocardiography and systemic thrombolysis.

Acute total coronary occlusion presenting with crushing central chest pain and persistent ST-segment elevation in ≥2 contiguous ECG leads (or new LBBB with Sgarbossa concordance). Immediate management: dual antiplatelet therapy + primary PCI within 120 minutes (or fibrinolysis within 10 minutes if PCI unavailable).

Diagnostic requires ≥2 of 4 ESC criteria: (1) pericarditic chest pain relieved by sitting forward, (2) pericardial friction rub, (3) widespread concave ST elevation / PR depression on ECG, (4) new or worsening pericardial effusion. First-line therapy: high-dose NSAID + colchicine.